nervous tissue histology ppt nervous tissue histology ppt

Wheaters functional histology: A text and colour atlas. Skin appendages are derivatives of the epidermis. All of these features give muscles the ability to contract and perform various functions, such as movement of the extremities (skeletal muscle), peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract (smooth muscle) and beating of the heart (cardiac muscle). Histology of Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Do you know why some structures stain blue (basophilic) and others pink (eosinophilic)? A unity of cells with a similar structure that as a whole express a definite and unique function. For example, a multipolar neuron that has a very important role to play in a part of the brain called the cerebellum is known as a Purkinje (commonly pronounced per-KIN-gee) cell. The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. Resources in the University of Michigan Histology Dropbox, Slide 065-1N spinal chord Masson cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-2 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 065-1 spinal cord lumbar H&E cross View Virtual Slide, Slide 066a thoracic spinal cord thoracic spinal cord luxol blue cross View Virtual Slide. Very little can pass through by diffusion. A unity of tissues with a more complex set of functions, defined by the combination of structure and function of the comprising tissues. Mesenchyme gives rise to all types of connective tissue. Together this gives us the various types of epithelial tissues, such as simple squamous epithelium, stratified cuboidal epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium and many more. Microscope Slides of Cells and Tissues | Histology Guide Any size contribution is welcomed and will help us to provide these popular review tools to students at the University of Michigan and to many more worldwide. The material presented details the chemistry, diagnostic application, and staining protocols for special stains used to . Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the: Observe the 3-layered organization of the, Outer plexiform (molecular) layer: sparse neurons and glia, Outer granular layer: small pyramidal and stellate neurons, Outer pyramidal layer: moderate sized pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Inner granular layer: densely packed stellate neurons (usually the numerous processes arent visible, but there are lots of nuclei reflecting the cell density), Ganglionic orinner pyramidal layer: large pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Multiform cell layer: mixture of small pyramidal and stellate neurons. Pancreatic serous acini secrete digestive enzymes which break down fat, carbohydrates and proteins. In the PNS, myelin is produced by Schwann cells, which wrap around the axon. PPT PowerPoint Presentation - Histology & the Integumentary System: Chapter The predominant cells visible on the slide are called pyramidal cells (named for their triangular shape). The integumentary system consists of the skin and skin appendages. The ECM contains different protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) embedded in ground substance. Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. In a transverse section of a nerve (Figure 10), single myelinated axons look like little circles organized in bundles called fascicles. Slide 13270 astrocytes, Gold-staining View Virtual Slide Go to a lighter stained area of the slide, which is in focus, and look for typical star-shaped cells, which represent astrocytes. . The four main types of stains used in histology are empirical, histochemical, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical. The central axons are so thin that they appear as purple dots in the middle of the lighter-colored circles of myelin. Health Information Technology & Services. 5 Nervous system The introductory part of the chapter is adapted from BC OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology book under the CC BY license. The neuronal bodies within the grey matter are organized into layers (laminae). In general, where in the brain can grey matter be found? Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Because of this, ependymal cells can be considered a component of the BBB, or a place where the BBB breaks down. It relays sensory input to cerebral cortex. Organelles can be membranous (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum) or non-membranous (ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles). Histology of the Nervous System - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Review the organization of the spinal cord using your atlas. In this electron micrograph, note some of the features you saw in ventral horn motor neurons with the light microscope, such as the large, pale nucleus, prominent nucleolus, Nissl bodies, dendrites and axon. Depending on the number of layers, epithelial tissue is classified into simple (single layered) or stratified (multi-layered). Work for the lab This website is a great way to view the tissues. Histology of Nervous Tissue - [PPT Powerpoint] - VDOCUMENTS The projections connect at the dendrites and are so extensive that they give the microglial cell a fuzzy appearance. It is made up of gray matter and white matter. In the above image, we can observe only the relatively large, triangular-shaped cell bodies of the pyramidal cells with clearly visible nuclei, parts of the dendrites, and the beginnings of axons. Your donation will enable us to update all existingSecondLook resources and to transform them into completely free Progressive Web Applications (PWA), including theSecondLookHistology apps. Cells are the tiny living units that form the tissues, organs and structures within the body. Nevertheless, even if they cannot be easily seen, and one specific process is definitively the axon, these neurons have multiple processes and are therefore multipolar. They can be classified as sensory or autonomic. Here, the tissue of interest is immersed in a fixative solution. 138, 7.18). Nervous tissue. (PWA), including the SecondLookHistology apps. Click on the white box with the question mark on it 4. Click on explore at the bottom of the page 3. Thus, in the 'white matter' of the brain and spinal cord, myelinated axons are the predominant neuronal cell component and most of the the nuclei that you see in white matter are primarily of glial cells. Other blotting techniques include Southern blot, Western blot, Far-Western blot, Southwestern blot, Eastern blot, Far-Eastern blot, Northern blot, Reverse Northern blot and Dot blot. One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. 1:00 - 2:55 Cartilage and Bone ppt | pdf | lecture recording. Anaxonic neurons are very small, and if you look through a microscope at the standard resolution used in histology (approximately 400X to 1000X total magnification), you will not be able to distinguish any process specifically as an axon or a dendrite. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. Some well-known lymphatic nodules include; the tonsils, Peyers patches and vermiform appendix. For example, the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach fundus contains special parietal cells which secrete HCl to break down meat proteins. The inner edge wraps around the axon, creating several layers, and the other edge closes around the outside so that the axon is completely enclosed.Myelin sheaths can extend for one or two millimeters, depending on the diameter of the axon. They also have cilia on their apical surface to help move the CSF through the ventricular space. The dermis is a layer of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve endings. It is specialized tissue found in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Neuroglia. It provides preganglionic visceral motor output to sympathetic ganglia. Luv ya! Different regions of the nervous system have distinct histological characteristics that make them easily recognizable, under the microscope. Unipolar cells are exclusively sensory neurons and have two unique characteristics. The sample on the slide below (Figure 7) was taken from the motor cortex, an area of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex that is involved in the conscious planning and execution of voluntary muscle movement. Because of the difficulty of discerning each glial cell type by routine light microscopy, you will not be required to identify glial cells in HE-stained sections by light microscopy, but you should be aware of their functions. The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. Want to create or adapt books like this? Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. The branch of medical science that deals with the. All of these components work together to provide movement to the body. Despite their differences, they all have one thing in common; specialized elongated muscle cells, called muscle fibers. But most everything else cannot, including white blood cells, which are one of the bodys main lines of defense. They are separated into four categories: muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective. Those processes extend to interact with neurons, blood vessels, or the connective tissue covering the CNS that is called the pia mater (Figure 4). PPT 2: Nervous Tissue and Histology Flashcards | Quizlet 3. They are large, easily distinguishable, and have an extensive dendritic tree that is not visible in typical histology. Any of those processes can function as an axon depending on the conditions at any given time. This is the reason why people with extensive burns are in life-threatening danger. Review diagrams illustrating the morphology of neurons in your textbooks. In the hippocampus orientation Image, observe: In the dentate gyrus orientation Image, observe: The "hilus" is the region where the head of hippocampus abuts the dentate gyrus. Using only histological evidence, could you determine from where in the nervous system a sample of tissue was taken? The epidermis is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium mostly made out of keratinocytes. Thompson, Ph.D. Histology of Nervous Tissue Despite the complexity of organization, there are only two functional cell . Within the axon hillock, the cytoplasm changes to a solution of limited components called axoplasm. Nervous tissue is made up of just 2 types of cells: Neurons. Just medial (to the right) of the tail of the caudate, note the choroid plexus slide NP004N View Image, which consists of highly convoluted and vascularized villi covered by ependymal cells which are specialized for the production of cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier? Unipolar neurons have only one process emerging from the cell body which causes them to appear T-shaped. View HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE A.ppt from BIO 001 at Holy Angel University. The main effector cells of the lymphatic system are the immune system cells. There are six types of glial cells. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell are on the edge of the myelin sheath. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! It provides somatic motor output to skeletal muscles. Thus are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body. I love Histology! This nerve was additionally stained with osmium and the membranes of myelin are visible as dark rings. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Correct answer 4. The epithelial lining of the uterine tube and uterus play important roles in the transportation and implantation of a fertilized ovum (zygote). The small gap in the myelin sheath that occurs between adjacent Schwann cells is called a node of Ranvier. within limits that maintain life. Together these organs provide the ability of reproduction and sexual intercourse. Neurons are specialized cells that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes ( dendrites, axons ). The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous tissue. Name the part of the central nervous system that isdisplayed in this tissue section. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Muscle cells have a specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum called sarcoplasmic reticulum, which stores calcium ions. With one exception, neurons such as this (though not necessarily this large) are found in ALL areas of the nervous system. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and lymphoid organs. Peripheral Nervous System | histology - University Of Michigan Within the medulla, most axons will cross over to the opposite hemisphere of the brain from which they originated a process called decussation and then continue within the white matter of the spinal cord, before synapsing with interneurons and lower motor neurons, in the grey matter of the spinal cord. One of the two types of glial cells found in the PNS is the satellite cell. It consists of widely separated mesenchymal cells and ground substance with an abundance of hyaluronic acid. When responding to a foreign threat, immune system cells can activate non-specific inflammation or progress to a specific immune response. The Schwann cells (in the peripheral nerves) and the satellite cells (in the ganglia) are glial cells (supporting cells) of the PNS. Peripheral ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule. For example, nerves can be classified based on their function. The respiratory system consists of the lungs and a series of passageways (nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea and bronchi) that connect alveoli to the external environment. Pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex act as upper motor neurons, which then synapse with the lower motor neurons that are in direct contact with muscles to initiate contraction. Movement on one side of the body is often controlled by nerve impulses originating on the opposite side of the brain. Slide 66a View Virtual Slide shows a section of thoracic spinal cord. Ppt #2. Ependymal cells, which are uniquely located lining the ventricles of the brain the central canal of the spinal cord, are one notable exception. The other major glial cell type you should know about are microglia which are small cells derived from blood monocytes. The ependymal cell is a glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CNS. Organs work together in systems. Supporting cells dont get as much credit as neurons in popular culture; but did you know that glial cells make up at least 80% of nervous tissue? Histology of the Nervous System Description: Histology of the Nervous System X-Section of Brain Tissue 4 1 2 3 1. Each organ of the digestive system has properties that make it specialized for its role in the digestion, absorption and excretion of food. You should also identify the dorsal and ventral horns in slide 65-1N stained with Masson trichrome. These exclusively contain neurons with a pseudounipolar neuronal arrangement. Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems Tissues are routinely visualised using microscopy. Everything absorbed through the alimentary tract passes through the special discontinued capillaries of the liver before going anywhere else. Skeletal muscle consists of long cylindrical-shaped muscle cells with multiple, peripherally located nuclei and a cytoplasm filled with myofibrils. Nails are plates of proliferating keratinized cells that, similar to hair, contain hard keratin. All cells contain cytoplasm, are surrounded by a membrane, and contain a variety of structures and organelles. The ECM of nervous tissue is rich in ground substance, with little to no protein fibers. Epithelial tissue can cover external surfaces (skin), line the inside of hollow organs (intestines) or form glands. Bone tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that contains cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), fibers (collagen type I) and mineralized extracellular matrix. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and its associated organs (tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). Pharmaceutical companies are challenged to design drugs that can cross the BBB as well as have an effect on the nervous system. A longitudinal section of a nerve looks very different than a transverse section: In a longitudinal section of a nerve (Figure 9), the axons stain darker and are visible as purple lines. The nervous system can be organized in several different ways. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 793 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 13 Provided by: RachelA156 Category: 48 Spinal CordWhite Matter (Spinal Cord)View Virtual EM Slide In this field you see several oligodendrocytes, the cells that make myelin in the CNS, surrounded by numerous myelinated axons of various size, cut in cross section. Read more. The cerebellum consists of an outer cortex of grey matter covering an inner area of white matter, which itself surrounds a deeper layer of grey matter (called the cerebellar nuclei). All of this is surrounded by three connective tissue membranes (meninges): dura, arachnoid and the pia mater. Young, B., Woodford, P., ODowd, G., & Wheater, P. R. (2014). motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. Look at the margins of the ventricle at higher magnification and note that it is entirely lined by ependymal cells. Neurons. The multipolar neurons in this area are known as "mossy cells" slide NP004N View Image and they primarily receive input from mossy fibers of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus and then relay those signals back to other cells in the dentate. One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = star). Peripheral nerves are analogous with neural tracts of the CNS. Use the virtual slide of the hippocampal region to study the ependymal cell lining of the choroid plexus. Why are perikarya of dorsal horn neurons smaller than those in the ventral horn? celiac, aorticorenal, and superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia). Below the dermis, a layer of subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is found. behaviors, memories, and movements. Click on the tissue and observe. On a longitudinal section, cardiomyocytes appear branched, joined together by specialized junctions called intercalated discs which allow them to quickly exchange electrical impulses and work as a syncytium. Then, get ready to test your knowledge! Neuroglia. Afferent nerves carry information from sensory organs to the brain, while efferent nerves carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles.Taking location into account, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The outer cerebellar cortex, shown in Figure 8, is tightly folded and has three distinct layers: Purkinje cells are typically arranged in a single row between the exterior molecular and interior granular layers. In general, the brain is composed of an exterior layer of grey matter covering internal areas of white matter, with another internal layer of grey matter in the deepest part of the brain (called the basal nuclei). Specialized connective tissue includes the blood, reticular, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. The name suggests that it has no axon (an- = without), but this is not accurate. Using slide 77, determine that the cerebellar cortex is organized into an outer molecular layer slide 077 View Image containing basket and stellate cells (not distinguishable by routine light microscopy) as well as axons of granule cells found in the deeper, highly cellular granule layer slide 077 View Image. This Power point presentation will allow students to practice the skill of identifying tissue types from 25 histology slides. Also found in CNS tissue is the oligodendrocyte, sometimes called just oligo, which is the glial cell type that insulates axons in the CNS. This is because the liver, among many other things, is the major detoxifying machine of the body. The first way to classify them is by the number of processes attached to the cell body. Astrocytes in the CNS provide metabolic support for neurons and play an important role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier (see slide 13270 astrocytes View Virtual Slide). It will also benefit the publication of several new topics (Hematology, Pathogen ID, and Gross Anatomy). In contrast, electron microscopes work by emitting parallel beams of electrons onto the sample being observed, resulting in higher resolutions. The neuron shown is a multipolar neurons. Lymph nodes are distributed along lymphatic vessels, filtering lymph as it passes through. The arrow indicates a morphological type of neuron. 10:10 - 12:05 Muscle Tissue ppt | pdf WEEK 2 Monday, August 22. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Pulmonary capillaries come into close contact with the alveoli, forming the blood-air barrier. HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE A.ppt - Histology of Nervous PPTX Histology of Nervous Tissue Nervous system ppt #2 - Liberty Union High between a tract and a nerve? Tissues. One could say that the masters of the endocrine glands are the hypophysis (pituitary gland) and hypothalamus, since they regulate all other endocrine organs by way of homeostatic feedback mechanism. Since tissues are relatively colorless, the magnifying properties of the optic microscope are not sufficient for proper visualization of a specimen; therefore staining techniques described above are coupled with optic microscopy. These cells have a single, long, nerve tract entering the bottom of the cell body. Like a few other parts of the body, the brain has a privileged blood supply. They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells. The skin is both a medium for interaction with the environment and a barrier, protecting us from outside microbes and chemicals, changes in temperature and dehydration. They can be classified by many different criteria. It houses information about each and every structure and process of the cell and organism, in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). At low magnification, differentiate inner gray from outer white matter and identify dorsal and ventral horns of the gray matter. While their origin is not conclusively determined, their function is related to what macrophages do in the rest of the body. I love Anatomy. Glial cells, or glia, are known to play a supporting role for nervous tissue. Nonetheless, it is loosely stratified into layers containing scattered nuclei of both neurons and glial cells. If you were to look at some bones on a skeleton, youd see a greyish rigid mass with some bumps and depressions. You may be able to see subtle differences in the distribution of cell types in rather loosely demarcated layers. Once urine is formed from the ultrafiltrate, it travels through the excretory pathway of tubes, all of which are lined by transitional epithelium with the exception of some parts of the urethra. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. Controls and integrates all body activities. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons. Ongoing research pursues an expanded role that glial cells might play in signaling, but neurons are still considered the basis of this function. At a histological level, both the heart and blood vessels consist of three layers: The myocardium is formed by striated cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). The spleen on the other hand, filters blood. How about the fact that some cardiomyocytes have the ability to secrete hormones that regulate blood pressure? After preparation, the tissue is stained. Interstitial cells produce testosterone, a hormone that regulates spermatogenesis. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells, neurons and glial cells. Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g. The axon projects from the dendrite endings, past the cell body in a ganglion, and into the central nervous system. This gives the neuron a polaritymeaning that information flows in this one direction. 5,000+ Histology PPTs View free & download | PowerShow.com The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. The perikarya of large somatic motor neurons slide 065-2 View Image located in the ventral horn of the cord innervate the skeletal muscles of the limbs and trunk, which are embryologically derived from somites (hence, somatic muscles). T and B lymphocytes are born and raised in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively. Additional sub-classifications are possible, based on the cell specializations. Ross, H. M, Pawlina, W. (2011). White mater 4. Neurons are usually described as having one, and only one, axona fiber that appears as a long cord emerging from the cell body and projects to target cells. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Did you know that chronic alcoholics have a lot more smooth endoplasmic reticulum concentrations in their hepatocytes? Nervous tissue histology 1. Bipolar cells are not very common. Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. Basic nervous tissue staining mechanisms and classification of nervous tissue elements will be discussed. Muscle tissue maintains synthesizing and contractile functions. Register now Still deeper is the white matter slide 077 View Image of the cerebellum, which contains nerve fibers, neuroglial cells, small blood vessels, but no neuronal cell bodies. Because of the privileged blood supply inherent in the BBB, the extracellular space in nervous tissue does not easily exchange components with the blood.