Nonetheless, Nixon claimed that the success of American foreign policy directly depends on the prosperity of American society and the strength of the economy. In a December 1955 meeting, Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration, in order to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run. - South Vietnamese survived temporarily, - 2 million communist soldiers President Nixon was the first President to visit the Peoples Republic of China, where he issued the Shanghai Communiqu, announcing a desire for open, normalized relations. On July 24, Nixon was touring the exhibits with Soviet First Secretary and Premier Nikita Khrushchev when the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the "Kitchen Debate". [234] He admitted he had made mistakes but insisted he had no prior knowledge of the burglary, did not break any laws, and did not learn of the cover-up until early 1973. Granted the CIA $10 [68] Downey, faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas, announced his retirement in March 1950. [283][284], Pat Nixon died on June 22, 1993, of emphysema and lung cancer. [101], In July 1959 President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow. [104] In an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election, Nixon blamed the media for favoring his opponent, saying, "You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference. When he left the Navy at the start of 1946, Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier, where he began a year of intensive campaigning. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3,[183] placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. [321] In his account of the Nixon presidency, author Richard Reeves described Nixon as "a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts". This, he hoped, would boost his election chances in 1972. In June, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a Democratic candidate, was assassinated just moments after his victory in the California primary. We've had tough times before and we can take the tougher ones that we will have to go through now. He wrote in his diary, referring to himself and Pat, So be it. They were joined by a large crowd of people, including Presidents Ford, Reagan, and George H. W. Bush, as well as their wives, Betty, Nancy, and Barbara. Nixons visit to China in FebruaryMarch 1972, the first by an American president while in office, concluded with the Shanghai Communiqu, in which the United States formally recognized the one-China principlethat there is only one China, and that Taiwan is a part of China. The Nixon Doctrine was not intended to apply to South Vietnam, where U.S. ground troops were already committed. Nixon and Kissinger planned to link arms control to dtente and to the resolution of other urgent problems through what Nixon called "linkage." But one of the new tapes, recorded soon after the break-in, demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and had approved plans to thwart the investigation. - he wanted to wait till the election was over, - He was a Harvard Uni prof [123], An exceptionally tumultuous primary election season began as the Tet Offensive was launched in January 1968. The vice president welcomed the president's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives. - Brezhnev planned to visit annually but this stopped due to Watergate, he was unable to form a strong relationship with Ford, Carter or Reagan, - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in 1973 and an Israeli counter attack in. With you helping me out with my more challenging writing projects, I have been able to move forward and do well on my tests and other school projects. There is a good reason why I am a repeat customer at EssaysWriters.com. What was the outcome of what happened in 1971? [104], There were charges of voter fraud in Texas and Illinois, both states won by Kennedy. [127] Throughout the campaign, Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during this period of national unrest and upheaval. Not me. [147] When not in meetings, Nixon toured architectural wonders, including the Forbidden City, the Ming tombs, and the Great Wall. "[294], Upon Nixon's death, the news coverage mentioned Watergate and the resignation but much of the coverage was favorable to the former president. Publicly, he said his strategy was a All the best! Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but had alienated more moderate Southerners. [222], Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of political realignment. Carter had not wanted to invite Nixon, but Deng had said he would visit Nixon in California if the former president was not invited. Nixon's second term ended early, when he became the only president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal. [158] It is estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 people were killed during the bombing of Cambodia between 1970 and 1973. - He wanted to make world leaders think he would drop nuclear bombs on them if they disobeyed (madman theory), Who was the President of Vietnam and until when, Thieu - until 1975 when south Vietnam fell, Why did Nixon want to improve friendships with China, He believed improved relations with China and the USSR would slow down the costly arms race, Since the death os Stalin there had been a deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations leading to an undeclared war in 1969 known in China as Zhenbao Island incident, What methods did Nixon use to bring peace with honour, Vietnamization - handing the war over to the South Vietnamese, - Nixon bombed the Ho Chi Minh Trail (Cambodia) to sever supply lines and force the North Vietnamese into a peace agreement, What was the out comes of what happened in 1969. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan. In 1970, President Nixon avoided a second Cuban Missile Crisis involving the Soviet submarine base by adhering to his policy of hard-headed dtente, an active rather than passive form of diplomacy. WebAnswer: Mr Nixons legacy is smeared by the Watergate affair, but his presidency should also be remembered for foreign policy successes. [286], Nixon's funeral took place on April 27, 1994, in Yorba Linda, California. Thank you so much for what you do. Reagan was more reasonable in dealing with other countries. - Kissinger was warded the Nobel Peace prize in 1973 While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [1][6][7] His parents were Hannah (Milhous) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. Still, Ronald Reagans foreign policy is considered nowadays more successful, because of the range of factors. [75] He maintained friendly relations with his fellow anti-communist, controversial Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy, but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy's allegations. Nixons foreign policy was not even a little as successful as Reagans. Following a series of low-level diplomatic contacts in 1970 and the lifting of U.S. trade and travel restrictions the following year, the Chinese indicated that they would welcome high-level discussions, and Nixon sent his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to China for secret talks. When Goldwater won the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce him at the convention. [30] The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second- and third-year students, creating intense competition. If my paper needs 12 pages, they will write 12 excellent pages. Olson suggests that legislation in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks restored the president's power. - Pinochet used Operation Condor to terroirse or kill political opponents. On his return, he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress. He won every state but Massachusetts. [184], Because Israel's victory was largely due to U.S. support, the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S., resulting in the 1973 oil crisis. [80], In mid-September, the Republican ticket faced a major crisis when the media reported that Nixon had a political fund, maintained by his backers, which reimbursed him for political expenses. How was Richard Nixon involved in the Watergate scandal? Nixon had wanted to return to China but chose to wait until after Ford's own visit in 1975. He remained in his hometown, enrolled at Whittier College in September 1930, and his expenses were met by a bequest from his maternal grandfather. - The US gave financial, organisational and technical aid to Operation Condor, What criticism did the US get for their involvement in Chile and Argentina, - Relations between China and US had been hostile since the Korean War in 1950-3 Jimmy Carter, continuing violence in the Middle East and the overthrow of the shah of Iran by revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 destabilized the region so much that the guidelines of the Nixon Doctrine no longer served U.S. national interests. The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia, causing the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to withhold its official invitation.[267]. Web- Detente would demonstrate that Nixon was a peace loving world statesman and help him to win the election in 1972 - China and Soviet were enemies, Nixon wanted to exploit this Converse with them. [85] Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket,[86] which proved victorious in the November election. [191] With inflation unresolved by August 1971, and an election year looming, Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at Camp David. WebPresident Nixon pursued two important policies that both culminated in 1972. In light of his loss of political support and the near-certainty that he would be impeached and removed from office, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974, after addressing the nation on television the previous evening. [314], Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward, yet strikingly reflective about himself. [236] The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. Fearing communist revolution in Latin America, the Nixon administration helped to undermine the coalition government of Chiles Marxist Pres. Though rapprochement with China and dtente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves, I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war. Salvador Allende, elected in 1970. When news of the leak first appeared, Nixon was inclined to do nothing; the Papers, a history of United States' involvement in Vietnam, mostly concerned the lies of prior administrations and contained few real revelations. Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men, the Franklins, many of whom were from prominent families, unlike Nixon. But Most VPs Have To", "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume I Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972", "Vietnam War Deaths and Casualties By Month", "Making More Enemies than We Kill? By the time Nixon finally pulled out of Vietnam in 1973, thousands of additional Vietnamese and American soldiers had died. Tom Wicker of The New York Times noted that Nixon had been equalled only by Franklin Roosevelt in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and, quoting Nixon's 1962 farewell speech, wrote, Richard Nixon's jowly, beard-shadowed face, the ski-jump nose and the widow's peak, the arms upstretched in the V-sign, had been so often pictured and caricatured, his presence had become such a familiar one in the land, he had been so often in the heat of controversy, that it was hard to realize the nation really would not "have Nixon to kick around anymore". Nixon Doctrine, a foreign policy of the U.S. government, announced by U.S. Pres. He was persuaded by Kissinger that the Papers were more harmful than they appeared, and the President tried to prevent publication, but the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the newspapers. [130] Nixon promised "peace with honor" in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that "new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific". On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan Governor George Romney, though New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and California Governor Ronald Reagan each hoped to be nominated in a brokered convention. President Johnson withdrew as a candidate in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. - 400,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died Ford insisted on a statement of contrition, but Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document. He was absolutely right in thinking that the key to effective policy outside the country is the health and success within the country. As part of his "New Federalism" views, he proposed grants to the states, but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process. [105] Nixon campaigned on his experience, but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the EisenhowerNixon administration had allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles (the "missile gap"). According to Ray Price, Nixon sometimes took them in together. The thaw in relations became apparent with the ping-pong diplomacy conducted by American and Chinese table-tennis teams in reciprocal visits in 197172. No way. In an area with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station. [191], Nixon's policies dampened inflation through 1972, although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration. The process was not completed before the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970. Believing his first choice, John Connally, would not be confirmed by Congress,[237] Nixon chose Gerald Ford, Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew. I know how it feels to lose a close one."[137]. Bringing the conflict to a successful resolution proved elusive. Why did Nixon not take Kissinger's peace agreement in 1972? Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. After a honeymoon in Mexico, the Nixons began their married life in Whittier. WebCarter believed that the nations foreign policy should reflect its highest moral principlesa definite break with the policy and practices of the Nixon Administration. [37] In later years, Nixon proudly said he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney. [178] In 1973, Nixon announced his administration was committed to seeking most favored nation trade status with the USSR,[179] which was challenged by Congress in the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. [153][154][155] In mid-1969, Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese, sending a personal letter to their leaders, and peace talks began in Paris. He justified the involvement in Vietnam, as being another noble cause. - It was an intelligence system designed to get rid of socialist and communist influence Besides, one of his greatest achievements was that he ended the Cold War. Nixon ushered in a new era of judicial restraint by appointing four Supreme Court Justices: Chief Justice Burger, Chief Justice Harry Blackmun, Chief Justice Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist, who was later appointed to Chief Justice by Ronald Reagan. [303] According to his biographer Herbert Parmet, "Nixon's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course, somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers, the Goldwaters, and the Reagans. Richard Nixon in 1969, whereby the United States would thereafter support allies facing military threats with economic and military aid rather than with ground troops. After intensive negotiations between National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho, the two sides reached an agreement in October 1972, and Kissinger announced, Peace is at hand. But the South Vietnamese raised objections, and the agreement quickly broke down. He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow. After the 1973 Arab-Israeli war (the Yom Kippur War), Kissingers back-and-forth visits between the Arab states and Israel (dubbed shuttle diplomacy) helped to broker disengagement agreements but did little to improve U.S. relations with the Arabs. [180], During the previous two years, Nixon had made considerable progress in U.S.Soviet relations, and he embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. [277] After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse, Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to Saddle River, New Jersey. [161] Nixon's responses to protesters included an impromptu, early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9, 1970. [11] The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to Whittier, California. [95], In early 1957, Nixon undertook another foreign trip, this time to Africa. Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou's hand, something which then-Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva. Eventually, his haziness led him to a failure on a political arena. [168], Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. The price increase hurt U.S. consumers of oil and gasoline. [217], After a nearly decade-long national effort, the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20, 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11. Nixon authorized the joint work between the FBI and Special Task Forces to effectively eliminate organized crime, resulting in over 2500 convictions by 1973. Nixon initiated and oversaw the peaceful desegregation of southern schools. Nixon's domestic policy saw him impose wage and price controls for 90 days, enforce desegregation of Southern schools, establish the Environmental Protection Agency, and begin the War on Cancer. [127][134] He became the first non-incumbent vice president to be elected president. Even so, from 1969 onward the Nixon administration did not adhere strictly to the doctrine. [310][311][312] During the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage: Republicans suggested that Clinton's misconduct was comparable to Nixon's, while Democrats contended that Nixon's actions had been far more serious than Clinton's. Talking about the small newly freed countries, Reagan said that they needed the help of the US to survive, to open their borders for foreign trade, and to develop their economy (Glad 44). The reason, why Reagan opposed the Soviet Union, was his fear of this powerful country. I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds. [236] On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned for reasons unrelated to Watergate: he was convicted on charges of bribery, tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as governor of Maryland. The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed, and the vice president had no formal power to act. [19] He played junior varsity football, and seldom missed a practice, though he rarely was used in games. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. [256] Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held, and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 49seats in the House and four in the Senate.[257]. ", "From afar: An indomitable man, an incurable loneliness", "The Fall and Rise of an American President", "Democrats: The long journey to disaster", "The KennedyNixon Presidential Debates, 1960", "The All-Volunteer Army After Twenty Years: Recruiting in the Modern Era", "American President: Richard Milhous Nixon (19131994), Foreign Affairs", "Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with, "Kennedy Wins 1960 Presidential Election", "Postage rates for periodicals: A narrative history", "New Actions To Prevent Illnesses And Accidents", "Statement on Signing the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act", "Sickle Cell Research for Treatment and Cure", "President Nixon's Troublesome Tax Returns", "Tax Day 2011: Why do presidents release tax returns? [165], As U.S. troop withdrawals continued, conscription was phased out by 1973, and the armed forces became all-volunteer. Harold was diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year; when their mother took him to Arizona hoping to improve his health, the demands on Nixon increased, causing him to give up football. Nixon had made a lot of decisions during his presidency, which cannot be considered right. [250] Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world. Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and their wives. Rhodes told Nixon he faced certain impeachment in the House. [157], In July 1969, Nixon visited South Vietnam, where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President Nguyn Vn Thiu. John F. Stacks of Time magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death, An outsize energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self-created disaster that he faced. [21], At the start of his junior year in September 1928, Nixon's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School. [250] According to his biographer, Jonathan Aitken, "Nixon was a soul in torment" after his resignation. Nixon broke new ground by discussing environmental policy in his State of the Union speech in 1970. "[263] The interviews garnered 4550 million viewersbecoming the most-watched program of its kind in television history. WebThis lesson will be a culminating activity in the early Cold War unit and will establish the foundation for our discussions of U.S. foreign policy during the 1960s and 1970s. Nixon used many risky strategies in order to improve the relationship between the US and the communist countries. [181] He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony, cheering crowds, and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening. [326], When Nixon was told that most Americans felt they did not know him even at the end of his career, he replied, "Yeah, it's true. [47][48][49] On October 1, 1943, Nixon was promoted to lieutenant. - 1970 bombing in Cambodia and 1972 bombing campaigns in North Vietnam In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the "Smoking Gun Tape" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had had a lapse of memory. Egypt attacked Israel in 1973 In honor of the POWs returning home from Vietnam, Nixon hosted the largest reception in White House history. Senior aides such as White House Counsel John Dean faced prosecution; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing. What are the cirticism of US intervention in USSR? And they twisted it with relish. [104] Despite initial reluctance, Nixon entered the race. Through his mother, Nixon was a descendant of the early English settler Thomas Cornell, who was also an ancestor of Ezra Cornell, the founder of Cornell University, as well as of Jimmy Carter and Bill Gates. [181] Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta, where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact, dtente, and MIRVs. - 50% of American approved of the Cambodian offensive but 39% disapproved and the protests continued [81][82] Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of a potential conflict of interest. [132] Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging Anna Chennault, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy. [35] In 1938, he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra, California,[36] and became a full partner in the firm the following year. [135] In his victory speech, Nixon pledged that his administration would try to bring the divided nation together. Nixon's efforts to gain Southern support in 1968 were diluted by Wallace's candidacy. In a 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment, historian Paul Charles Milazzo points to Nixon's creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and to his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 Endangered Species Act, stating that "though unsought and unacknowledged, Richard Nixon's environmental legacy is secure". - China and Soviet were enemies, Nixon wanted to exploit this Sino-Soviet split What were the limitations of the detente? [172], Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev. [133], In a three-way race between Nixon, Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace, Nixon defeated Humphrey by only 500,000 votes, a margin almost as close as in 1960, with both elections seeing a gap of less than one percentage point of the popular vote. - Detente was undermined by Watergate, AQA A Level History: The American Dream, real, DIFFERING VIEWS IN SOCIALISM - SOCIALISM IN A, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - THIRD WAY, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - SOCIAL DEM, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - REVOLUTION, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Practical 11 (locomotor): Comparative Locomot. Naval Reserve, from which he retired in the U.S. The major difference between Nixons and Reagans presidency was the ability of Reagan to communicate with American people. "[280] Newsweek ran a story on "Nixon's comeback" with the headline "He's back". He graduated from Duke Law School in 1937, practiced law in California, then moved with his wife Pat to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz. The House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9, 1974, which were televised on the major TV networks. [22], Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, but with Harold's continued illness requiring his mother's care, Richard was needed at the store. His contributions to SAGE Publications's. - Nixon and Mao discussed Taiwan, Vietnam and trade, - Nixon administration had successfully opened a dialogue with an enemy and Beijing encouraged North Vietnam to agree to peace He responded by helping to found a new society, the Orthogonian Society. They also intended, through linkage, to make U.S. arms control policy part of dtente His policy of linkage had in fact failed. Unemployment was low, but interest rates were at their highest in a century. An unintended negative consequence of the decision to sell arms to Iran was its impact on the U.S. economy. In February he visited Beijing, setting in motion normalization of relations with the People's Republic of By 1971 the Soviets were more amenable to improved relations with the United States, and in May 1972 Nixon paid a state visit to Moscow to sign 10 formal agreements, the most important of which were the nuclear arms limitation treaties known as SALT I (based on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks conducted between the United States and the Soviet Union beginning in 1969) and a memorandum, the Basic Principles of U.S.-Soviet Relations, summarizing the new relationship between the two countries in the new era of dtente. - Nixon and Kissinger restrained Israel Under his policy of Vietnamization, combat roles were transferred to South Vietnamese troops, who nevertheless remained heavily dependent on American supplies and air support. [43] Though he could have claimed an exemption from the draft as a birthright Quaker, or a deferral due to his government service, Nixon nevertheless sought a commission in the Navy. He added that, although the United States would continue to uphold all of its treaty obligations, it would expect its allies to contribute significantly to their own defense. WebRichard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974.A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.His five years in the White House [197], Nixon was a late supporter of the conservation movement. Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore. [98] In Caracas, Venezuela, Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and their limousine was attacked by a pipe-wielding mob. - Nixon hoped to use China to counter balance Soviet power An intensive 11-day bombing campaign of Hanoi and other North Vietnamese cities in late December (the Christmas bombings) was followed by more negotiations, and a new agreement was finally reached in January 1973 and signed in Paris. [198] He relied on his domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him "out of trouble on environmental issues. Nixon condemned the Tiananmen Square massacre but noted that there is too much at stake in our relationship to substitute emotionalism for foreign policy. The [149], When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam,[150] and the war was widely unpopular in the United States, the subject of ongoing violent protests.