The following research questions guided our work: Participants Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. Foremost among these is that data were collected using self-report measures, and in the case of the PERMA-Profiler, data were collected using the retrospective recall of participants as they considered their well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, The age of participants ranged from 18 to 66 (M = 27.36, SD = 9.9). The first pillar, positive emotion (P), is the affective component comprising the feelings of joy, hope, pleasure, rapture, happiness, and contentment. Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. To combat isolation, come together with your dorm-mates or graduate school cohort via technology. Available from: Mackenzie S, Wiegel JR, Mundt M, Brown D, Saewyc E, Heiligenstein E, et al.. Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus health care. Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, student nurses were faced with lot of challenges at both clinical and teaching and learning environment. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92100. Asian American University Students’ Adjustment, Coping, Research Question 1 Similarly, approach coping strategies such as active coping, positive reframing, and acceptance (Carver, 1997) were resilient strategies to handle pandemic stress whereas using emotional support and planning showed weaker but significant roles. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Consider recreating important events once its safe. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. If youre a psychology graduate student on a clinical track, youre probably helping patients manage the same anxieties youre facing yourself. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593, Tansey, T. N., Smedema, S., Umucu, E., Iwanaga, K., Wu, J.-R., Cardoso, E. D. S., & Strauser, D. (2018). The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. In this study, we explored these questions with a sample of graduate and The newly revised approach to foundation skills must deal with this inherent challenge. J Ment Health. The overall reliability coefficient of well-being items is very high ( = .94). COVID-19 Coping Strategies - Case Western Reserve University An official website of the United States government. Northwestern University. You can only control your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. When news of Covid-19 first started circulating, no one believed it would still be impacting our lives today. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the functioning of universities worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has meant additional stress, fear, and worry for many families. Additionally, each pillar of PERMA has been shown to be positively associated with physical health, optimal well-being, and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depression, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, loneliness, and negative emotion (Butler & Kern, 2016). The PCQ-12 utilizes a 6-point Likert scale with response options ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. Bookshelf Instruments utilized in the study measured psychological capital (Psychological Capital Questionnaire [PCQ-12]; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), coping (Brief COPE; Carver, 1997), and well-being (PERMA-Profiler; Butler & Kern, 2016). Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997) were found to be the dominant avoidant coping strategies that were adopted by students, which led to a significant decrease in well-being during the pandemic. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. Changes in PERMA elements were calculated by subtracting PERMA scores reported retrospectively by participants before the pandemic from scores reported at the time of data collection during COVID-19, and a repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to examine the difference. Support expected during the pandemic: Type and source. PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000175, Johnson, R. (2020). Finkelstein-Fox, L., & Park, C. L. (2019). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 877891. A positive approach to management education: The relationship between academic PsyCap and student engagement. PERMA-Profiler Cultivating Gratitude To Support Wellbeing. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. The Journal of Education for Business, 87(5), 253259. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267283. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Current Psychology. PMC Umucu, E., Wu, J.-R., Sanchez, J., Brooks, J. M., Chiu, C.-Y., Tu, W.-M., & Chan, F. (2020). For example, students had to stay home, adapt to online learning, modify internship placements, and/or reconsider graduation plans and jobs. Identify strategies to use to take care of your body, your mind, your spirit, your relationships, your work. 8600 Rockville Pike Gilbert, D. (2007). 44106, 10900 Euclid Ave. Methods: This article used narrative literature review to explore literature review from the following databases namely Web of Science, Google, COVID-19 has impacted every aspect of life around the world. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. and transmitted securely. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. -. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, Careers. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467487. Check in with your child frequently and listen to their concerns. Students use of religious coping, Fig 7. Well-being scores across all PERMA elements, including physical health, were lower than those reported retrospectively prior to the pandemic. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds. Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors reported no conflict of interest The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Try mindfulness apps. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Interestingly, after the onset of the pandemic, the predictor role of certain PsyCap dimensions shifted. School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. The potentialities of online teaching allowed a didactic continuity that would have been impossible otherwise, and this approach is likely to be Flourishing: The PERMA Well-Being Model Of the final 609 participants, 73.7% (n = 449) identified as female, 22% (n = 139) identified as male, and 4.3% (n = 26) identified as non-binary. 2021. They could also be adapted to provide services online. Optimism had a significant indirect effect on change in well-being compared to hope and resilience (see Table 3). https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/04/mental-health-coronavirus, Witters, D., & Harter, J. Guarding Your Joy: Keeping Your Mental Wellness High On Your Agenda, 7 Tips For Keeping A Routine For Your Wellness, Your Employees Are Stressed: Why Digital Mental Health Solutions Are Important In These Unpredictable Times And Beyond, Social Distancing And Staying Connected Through Games, Your Feelings (About Coronavirus) Are Valid, 10 Things You Can Do Besides Watch The News, A College Students 7 Tips For Transitioning To Online Classes. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6, Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. Perception towards E-learning and COVID-19 on the mental health status of university students in Malaysia. 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13994. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113994. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. Fig 2. -. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062106, Deaton, A. Students at a United States university (N = 769) completed an online survey during fall 2020 and spring 2021 semesters. Given the current realities of physical distancing, there are fewer opportunities for traditional-age university students attending primarily residential campuses to maintain social connections, resulting in social fragmentation and isolation. Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. Data Analysis Procedure Miyazaki, Y., Bodenhorn, N., Zalaquett, C., & Ng, K.-M. (2008). Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. Prior to COVID-19, self-efficacy and optimism were the two major psychological resources that predicted university student well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. Thus, from a pedagogical and psychological point of view, it is pertinent to examine the students' strategies of coping with stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Coping strategies and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown College Quarterly, 16(1). 2023 Jan 20;20(3):1921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031921. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially COVID-19 - Wellness and Coping Skills | Mental Health America Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. Correlation analyses (see Table 1) revealed significant and positive correlations between four PsyCap HERO dimensions (i.e., hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011) and the six PERMA elements (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health; Butler & Kern, 2016). Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). The aim of this study was to assess the levels of depression, coping skills, and quality of life and their correlates among a sample of Jordanian adults aged 18 years during the COVID-19 lockdown implemented in Jordan. The International Association of Counseling Services, Inc., 2008 [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. The site is secure. Prior to exploring the role of PsyCap and coping strategies on change in well-being due to COVID-19, an initial analysis was conducted to understand the characteristics and relationships of constructs in the study. COVID-19 Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Fifty-four percent of the participants were undergraduate students (n = 326), and the remaining 46% were graduate students (n = 283). Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197, Klussman, K., Nichols, A. L., Langer, J., & Curtin, N. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak caused global disruptions in all aspects of life. Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The aim of this study was to understand how the sudden changes and uncertainty resulting from the pandemic affected the well-being of university students during the early period of the pandemic. Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian during With schools around the country closed, students are facing unprecedented change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Skills Gen Xers Have Developed to Survive Life During From Academic Resilience to Academic Burnout among Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social Seligmans multidimensional model integrates both hedonic and eudaimonic views of well-being, and each of the well-being components is seen to have the following three properties: (a) it contributes to well-being, (b) it is pursued for its own sake, and (c) it is defined and measured independently from the other components (Seligman, 2011). Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. However, after COVID-19, self-efficacy did not present as a predictor of well-being in this study. And having to stay home can be lonely. Simon & Schuster. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9477-4, Ray, J. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). As a result, they had to adopt different coping strategies to overcome the predicament that they were trapped in. This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. Several researchers have found that relatively short training in PsyCap interventions, including web-based platforms (Dello Russo & Stoykova, 2015; Demerouti et al., 2011; Ertosun et al., 2015; B. C. Luthans et al., 2012, 2013) have been effective. As expected, negative emotion and loneliness significantly increased during the period of COVID-19, impacting overall well-being in an adverse manner. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. The statistical analysis showed that during the coronavirus pandemic, Polish students most often used the coping strategies of: acceptance, planning, and seeking emotional support. Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. In this context, positive coping strategies and PsyCap may be increasingly valuable assets for university students to address the psychological challenges associated with this pandemic and to maintain or enhance their well-being. Specifically, we found coping through self-blame playing a mediating role between PERMA factors and two of the HERO dimensionsresilience and hope. -, Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, Rhoades D, Linscomb M, Clarahan M, et al.. Both individual counseling and group-based programming focused on PsyCap and positive coping strategies could support the well-being of university students as they experience ongoing stressors related to the pandemic or as they face other setbacks. DURING 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. WebWe study the stability of noncognitive skills by comparing experimental results gathered before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. See this image and copyright information in PMC. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Westers recommends trying some of these techniques to help your child cope with back-to-school anxiety during COVID-19: Validate and listen to any concerns. Sci Prog. The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in Research Question 2 Engage your senses with hot baths or fragrant candles. Occupy your mind with puzzles. A brief questionnaire was used to capture participant information. FOIA Point-biserial correlation de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures Webstudents felt a lack of motivation, anxiety, stress, and isolation. Worries about sickness, finances, and isolation, coping with grief from loss, and having less outside help have made parenting more stressful. Coping Through the Coronavirus. Students https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). As teachers, it is essential to listen to students' concerns and demonstrate understanding as well as empathy. Your classmates have probably scattered. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2752. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032752. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. Thus, based on the current results and on the participatory model of intervention, a support program for students is proposed which would involve psychological, organizational, and instrumental support. Coping with this stress may help you. The connection between our physical body and our mental health is important and may be something worth exploring when thinking about staying mentally healthy. Penguin Press. The experience of emotional wellbeing. Personality and coping. (2013). Background: During COVID-19 Coping is often defined as efforts to prevent or diminish the threat, harm, and loss, or to reduce associated distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010, p. 685). Another thing you cant control? Flourishing (or well-being) is defined as a dynamic optimal state of psychosocial functioning that arises from functioning well across multiple psychosocial domains (Butler & Kern, 2016, p. 2). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Michaels, P. J., Corrigan, P. W., Kanodia, N., Buchholz, B., & Abelson, S. (2015). But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). to the adversity. Now is my chance to help others. Overall, as seen in Table 1, all three variables studiedPsyCap HERO dimensions, eight PERMA elements, and coping strategieswere highly related. Journal of College Student Development, 56(8), 872875. 2022 Nov 1;19(21):14282. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192114282. This instrument is used widely in studies with university students (e.g., Madhyastha et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2008). 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.054 WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 310. Covid-19 pandemic-specific ptsd: Risk and protective factors or funding contributions for the development (2015). WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Additionally, data collection methods and sample demographics would likely limit generalizability. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. Its enough to let them know theyre not alone. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063414526124, Masten, A. S. (2001). Do something physical like dancing. The predictive role of resilience on positive emotion, accomplishment, negative emotion, and loneliness also became significant during COVID-19. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). How Do I Feel Better When The World Is Burning? Nursing education has moved classes online. On the other hand, self-blame and behavioral disengagement were two problematic coping strategies that mediated the relationship between optimism and all PERMA elements.